How will additives shape the future of plastics?

Additives are essential components of plastic formulations providing maintenance and/or modification of polymer properties, performance and long-term use. The extension of polymer properties by additives has played a substantial role in the growth of plastics. At the beginning of the plastics age additives were used mainly to maintain polymer properties and to help plastics to survive heat treatment during transforming processes. The next generation of additives provided extension of service life as well as modification of mechanical and physical properties. These well-established additives - antioxidants, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers and others - cover the requirements of standard plastics and today's mass applications. The more recent developments of high-performance additives address more stringent or new requirements, more severe processing and use conditions and/or environmental concerns, but still with the main target of maintaining plastic properties. The future will introduce more and more new effects and functionalities through additives in plastic applications tailoring the properties of polymers and offering a vast potential of innovation in the plastics area. Recent examples of emerging technologies show that additives will not only modify the polymer itself and add new properties, but can also, when incorporated into the plastic, beneficially impact properties, which are of high value for the user. The paper shows the role of additives used in plastics from the past to the present with the focus on stabilization and performance of additives incorporated during melt processing, and outlines future trends.     

六溴环十二烷的样品前处理和检测方法研究进展北大核心CSCD

作为一种常见的溴代阻燃剂,六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)因具备持久性、长距离迁移性、生物蓄积性和高毒性,于2013年被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》。因此,环境样品中HBCDs污染水平的准确分析和严格控制对完善环境监管长效机制至关重要。然而,实际样品中HBCDs的定性定量分析正面临着基质复杂、目标物含量低等问题。尤其,HBCDs在高温环境及特定有机溶剂中易降解,会产生异构体,提高了分析难度。该综述简述了HBCDs的理化性质、毒性危害和标准限制,重点围绕不同基质中HBCDs的样品前处理和仪器检测两方面进行了总结。论文内容引用2000~2022年的70余篇源于科学引文索引(SCI)与中文核心期刊中的相关论文。总结归纳了固体和液体样品中HBCDs分析的前处理技术,包括索式提取、超声辅助萃取、加速溶剂萃取、超临界流体萃取、液液萃取、分散液液微萃取、固相萃取、分散固相萃取和固相微萃取等,介绍了气相色谱、液相色谱和色谱-质谱联用技术等仪器检测方法在HBCDs分析中的应用。通过综述近期相关研究,侧面表明HBCDs的分析方法研究发展迅速,但也面临一些挑战,如样品前处理步骤繁琐、耗时长、样品量和有机溶剂用量大等问题。最后,对新型样品前处理技术在HBCDs分析中的应用进行了展望。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定粮食中有机磷酸酯及其二酯代谢物

建立了粮食样品中14种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)及其8种二酯代谢物(di-OPEs)的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法(UPLC-MS/MS)。样品以甲醇为溶剂超声萃取后,直接加载到活化后的ENVI-18固相萃取柱中,萃取液用5 mL甲醇洗脱,合并洗脱液氮吹定容后进样分析,采用内标法定量。22种目标物在0.1~20μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r>0.99),方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.00502~1.94 ng/g,定量下限(S/N=10)为0.0167~6.45 ng/g;除磷酸二丁氧酯(BBOEP)的加标回收率为141%外,其它目标物的回收率为60.0%~131%,相对标准偏差为0.57%~22%。采用该方法对25个小麦样品进行测定,14种OPEs的总含量为0.843~23.5 ng/g,其中4种OPEs在全部样品中均检出,磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯(TCIPP)是主要物质;8种di-OPEs的总含量为0.126~4.81 ng/g,其中4种di?OPEs的检出率高于50%,磷酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(BEHP)是主要物质。结果表明,有机磷酸酯及其二酯代谢物在粮食样品中普遍存在。暴露估算结果显示,我国成年人和儿童通过食用小麦对OPEs的暴露量分别为4.23~118 ng/kg bw/day和5.56~155 ng/kg bw/day;对di-OPEs的暴露量分别为0.633~24.2 ng/kg bw/day和0.832~31.7 ng/kg bw/day。整体上,通过小麦摄入的暴露量远低于各OPEs的人体口服参考剂量,但考虑到小麦的加工运输过程可能引入更多OPEs及其代谢物,同时还存在其他种类饮食的暴露,人体通过饮食对OPEs及di-OPEs的暴露应引起重视。     

Phosphorylated cellulose/Fe3+ complex: A novel flame retardant for epoxy resins

A novel flame retardant containing cellulose, phosphorus and ferrum complex (Cell‐P‐Fe) was successfully synthesized and then it was used as flame retardants in epoxy resins (EP). Due to the present of acid sources and carbon sources, the Cell‐P‐Fe exhibits improved thermal stability and flame retardant properties. The EP/Cell‐P‐Fe composites with 10 wt% of Cell‐P‐Fe show remarkably improved LOI and UL‐94 values compared with the flame retardants without ferrum. At the loading of 10.0 wt% flame retardants, the char yield for EP/Cell‐P‐Fe composites increased to 29.1 wt%, indicating the improved thermal stability at high temperature. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis, morphology of char residues and FTIR results demonstrate that stable char layers are formed on the surface of the composites during the combustion, attributing to the catalytic carbonization effect of Fe and phosphorus and the present of cellulose as carbon source. The stable char layers, which can protect the underlying materials from heat and oxygen, play an important role in the flame retardancy enhancement.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定温室大棚土壤中13种有机磷酸酯

该文建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)检测温室大棚土壤中磷酸三乙酯、磷酸三丙酯、磷酸三正丁酯、磷酸三异丁酯、磷酸三丁氧乙酯、磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯、磷酸三(2 氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(1 氯 2-丙基)酯、磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯、磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、磷酸甲苯二苯酯、2 乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯13种有机磷酸酯（OPEs）的分析方法,并优化了提取溶剂、提取方式、提取时间、萃取柱种类和色谱条件等实验参数。样品以正己烷-丙酮(体积比1∶1)为提取溶剂超声提取,经Florisil固相萃取柱净化,再采用气相色谱-质谱法(选择离子监测模式)检测,内标法定量。结果显示：13种化合物在1~500 μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数(r2)为0.999 3~0.999 7,检出限(LOD,S/N=3)为0.04~2.31 μg/L,定量下限(LOQ,S/N=10)为0.13~7.69 μg/L,在3个加标浓度(1.0、10、50 μg/L)下的回收率为54.5%~130%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.7%~9.9%。采用该方法对北京地区温室蔬菜大棚中41份土壤样品进行分析发现,除磷酸三丙酯(TPrP)外,其余12种OPEs均有检出,含量为1.90~632 ng/g(干重),平均值为87.8 ng/g,中位值为39.7 ng/g。其中磷酸三丁氧乙酯(TBEP)是温室土壤中最主要的OPEs,约占12种有机磷酸酯总含量(∑12OPEs)的20%。该方法操作简便、快速、精密度良好,可用于土壤中13种OPEs的测定。     

食品中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂检测技术的研究进展

有机磷酸酯(OPEs)是阻燃剂和塑化剂的主要原料,通常以添加形式存在于各种材料中,在生产和使用过程中伴随磨损和挥发易释放到环境中,现已成为新兴污染物。因为该类化合物的神经毒性、致癌性、破坏内分泌系统以及生殖系统等毒性,食品样品中OPEs的检测成为近年来关注的热点。该文重点围绕食品基质中OPEs检测存在的含量低、本底干扰严重、缺乏灵敏可靠分析方法等问题,对OPEs类化合物的性质、样品前处理、检测技术、质量控制等进行了全面评述。首先总结了30余种常见OPEs类化合物的类型、官能团、极性、沸点等理化性质,对可能的前处理和检测技术进行了理论分析;其次梳理了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)、基质固相分散萃取(MSPD)、微波辅助萃取(MAE)、超声辅助萃取(UAE)、QuEChERS、固相萃取(SPE)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、分散固相萃取(d-SPE)等前处理方法在食品中OPEs化合物分析中的特点,其中UAE和QuEChERS结合多步净化能够有效降低高脂类食品的基质效应,具有良好应用前景;此外比较了气相色谱和液相色谱在分离和检测方面的优缺点,比较已有文献的检出限、回收率等数据;概括了标准品和内标物来源、过程污染与基质效应的产生原因和预防措施;最后对高分辨质谱筛查和鉴别OPEs未知代谢物,以及相关分析方法趋势进行了展望。     

Glow wire ignition temperature (GWIT) and comparative tracking index (CTI) of glass fibre filled engineering polymers, blends and flame retarded formulations

Engineering thermoplastic polymers such as polyamides, polycarbonates, semi-crystalline aromatic polyesters and their blends are widely used as insulating materials in electrical and electronic appliances. Flame retardants are often employed in the formulation of these materials, since good performance in terms of ignition and tracking resistance, evaluated by Glow Wire Tests (GWIT) and Comparative Tracking Index (CTI) are required in these applications. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of GWIT and CTI performances has been simultaneously performed for a wide set of glass fibre filled materials chosen among engineering thermoplastics and their blends. Some flame retarded formulations have been also tested, in order to screen the effects of various additives. Useful indications have been obtained on the effect of each polymer and additives on GWIT and CTI properties. In addition, interesting synergies have been observed, especially by blending polyesters and polyamides. Thermogravimetric measurements of char yields have been successfully related with CTI behaviour. The presence of additives changes the structure of the carbonaceous residue, hence the conductivity of the tracks. Neat polycarbonate passed the GWIT test but not CTI, while poly(butylene terephthalate) showed the best balance of GWIT and CTI performance among the pure resins tested. Blending polycarbonate with polyester did not improve significantly GWIT performance, but had a negative effect on tracking resistance. Polyesters/polyamide blends were dominated by polyester in GWIT, but they showed synergistic effects in CTI.     

锂离子电池安全性添加剂*

作为锂离子电池的一个重要组成部分,电解质对电池的性能有重要影响。有机电解液功能添加剂是近年来锂离子电池研究中的一个热点。本文介绍了锂离子电池有机电解液阻燃剂和过充电保护剂改善电池安全性的作用机理、特点以及它们的研究应用现状,并对各种添加剂的优缺点作了简要评价。     

环三磷腈类阻燃剂的合成及应用研究进展

简要介绍了制备环三磷腈类阻燃剂所需起始原料六氯环三磷腈的合成方法、合成及取代反应机理;介绍了环三磷腈阻燃剂的阻燃机理;着重阐述了近20年间反应型的羟基/氨基环三磷腈、环氧基环三磷腈、含不饱和双键的环三磷腈、羧基环三磷腈阻燃剂,以及添加型烷氧基环三磷腈、芳氧基环三磷腈的合成及阻燃应用,同时综述了其应用材料的热稳定性能和阻燃性能,并对其发展趋势作了总结和展望。     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂污染现状与研究进展*

近年来,溴代阻燃剂在世界范围逐步禁用,作为其主要替代产品的有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂的生产与使用均有大幅度增长。因此,有机磷酸酯类物质也被引入环境中,由此所引起的环境问题也逐步引起了环境科学工作者的关注,成为新型有机污染物研究的又一个热点。本文综述了有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂的研究现状,包括有机磷酸酯类物质的污染现状、毒性以及分析方法,希望对我国开展该类物质的环境研究提供借鉴。